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In the 1980s, philosophical, historical and social studies of science underwent a change which later evolved into a turn to practice. Analysts of science were asked to pay attention to scientific practices in meticulous detail and along multiple dimensions, including the material, social and psychological. Following this turn, the interest in scientific practices continued to increase and had an indelible influence in the various fields of science studies. No doubt, the practice turn changed our conceptions and approaches of science, but what did it really teach us? What does it mean to study scientific practices? What are the general lessons, implications, and new challenges? This volume explores questions about the practice turn using both case studies and theoretical analysis. The case studies examine empirical and mathematical sciences, including the engineering sciences. The volume promotes interactions between acknowledged experts from different, often thought of as conflicting, orientations.

Philosophy of science --- Science --- Naturwissenschaften. --- Philosophie. --- Wissenschaftstheorie. --- Philosophy. --- Social aspects.

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"The application of geo-spatial technologies, especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to issues in history is among the most exciting developments in both digital humanities and spatial humanities. The book captures the wide variety of geo-spatial applications to both traditional and non-traditional subjects in history through a series of exemplary essays designed to signal to non-specialists the methodological and substantive implications of a spatial approach to the humanities. The aim of the book is to illustrate how the use of historical GIS is changing our understanding of the geographies of the past, and how it has become the foundation for new approaches to the study of history. The essays are divided into two parts. The first features new approaches to the past by focusing on current developments in the use of historical sources. The second looks at the insights gained by applying GIS to develop historiography. Together the essays form, not a 'how-to' guide for researchers, but a compelling demonstration of how GIS can contribute to our historical understanding"--

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Human Geography. --- HISTORY / General. --- History --- Historical geography --- Geographic information systems. --- Historiography --- Geography, Historical --- Geography --- Historical source material --- Historical sources --- Primary sources (Historical sources) --- Source material, Historical --- Sources, Historical --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Data processing. --- Methodology. --- History as a science --- Geographic information systems --- Methodology --- Data processing

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This book examines how we can conceive of a "postcolonial museum" in the contemporary epoch of mass migrations, the internet and digital technologies. The authors consider the museum space, practices and institutions in the light of repressed histories, sounds, voices, images, memories, bodies, expression and cultures. Focusing on the transformation of museums as cultural spaces, rather than physical places, is to propose a living archive formed through creation, participation, production and innovation. The aim is to propose a critical assessment of the museum in the light of those transcultural and global migratory movements that challenge the historical and traditional frames of Occidental thought. This involves a search for new strategies and critical approaches in the fields of museum and heritage studies which will renew and extend understandings of European citizenship and result in an inevitable re-evaluation of the concept of "modernity" in a so-called globalised and multicultural world.

Museums and community. --- Collective memory --- Museums and community --- Museums --- Postcolonialism --- Post-colonialism --- Postcolonial theory --- Political science --- Decolonization --- Community and museums --- Communities --- Collective remembrance --- Common memory --- Cultural memory --- Emblematic memory --- Historical memory --- National memory --- Public memory --- Social memory --- Memory --- Social psychology --- Group identity --- National characteristics --- Social aspects --- Musées --- Postcolonialisme --- Mémoire collective --- Social aspects. --- Aspect social

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The book is an essential reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to compare and discuss both compression wood and tension wood. Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing distortion and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry. Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood. The topics covered include: -Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood -Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis -Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation <-The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood - Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks -The detection and characterisation of compression wood -Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products - Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation.

Trees. --- Forests and forestry. --- Forest products industry. --- Forest industries --- Forestry industry --- Wood products industry --- Wood-using industries --- Plant products industry --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Forests and forestry --- Forest products industry --- Arbres --- Forêts et sylviculture --- Produits forestiers --- Industrie --- Wood. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant anatomy. --- Wood Science & Technology. --- Forestry. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Tree Biology. --- Botany --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Physiology --- Building materials --- Forest products --- Structure --- Forest products. --- Plant development. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Botany, Economic --- Commercial products --- Raw materials --- Ontogeny